1
2
  -2023
/ 5 
 
[   ( 1500 1956 .)]
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.      ?          

2. 1789            
 -
3.        ,        
   ?
4.             ?
2
2
 -
5.               
6.  
          ?        
  ?
 -
7. 1929        ?   
   
 
8.                ?
3
2
  -2023
/ 5 
 
[   ( 1500 1956 .)]
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.      ?          

:    ,       14    
   17             "" 
       ""    ""    
   (  " "   )      
   ,   , ,        
    
        ,        
 :
1.      
1453                
   ,             
      ,         ,   
  
4
2
2.  
1440             
               ,
       ,            
 ,          
3.  
,           ,   
                
         ,      
  
4.    
                 ,
                
       ,         
     ,       ,   
    
5.    
             
            , ,
        ,  ""     
            
6.  
  
                 
,               ()
   ()          ,   
      ,         
7.  
-  
,               
  
-     
 ,      -
    ,        ,     
  
    
               
   :
5
2
1.      
               
      ,     -  

       ,     
     " " ,      
 ,          " "  " 
"       
    ""           
  
             
,               

2.    
  16  17           
                 
              
         
              
            ,     -
    
      ,       
 ,       
3.   :  
            ,  
    ,           
  ,   ,         1517     
  95               
     
4.   
                 ,
 ,           ,  
        
1492               
6
2
--            
  
          
       ,    ,     
    
5.  
  ,             
           ,      
 ,               
    ,          
 
6.    
              
           ,  ,    
         ,     ,  
       
                
   ,           
      
        ,  
    -       , 
      
7.    :    
               
          ,    
                
      
8.      
     ,            
,           ,   ,  
                 

7
2
  ,           
                
   ,          

        ,       
       ,        
              ,  ,
, ,            ,  
,              
               
     
2. 1789            
:1789              
            ,   
      , ,      
   ,              
 
1.     
                
         ,     ,    
    ,  ,      ( ) 
            ,     
                
  ,       -       

                
      ,   ,      ,
                 
    ,        .
8
2
2.  
18    ,          ,    
   ,            
   1780           ,     
        
            ,     
      ,          
 , 1780            ,  
,         ,     - 
   ,             , 
         
3.       
                
     ,         
                
 ,             -
 ,        
 ,              
 - ,         ,     
    ,            
        
4.     -  
         ,      
 ,              ,
         ,        ,  
                 , 
                  
       ,     1789  -  
   ,     1614        -
      ,          
  ,              ,   
        ,         
         ,      
     ,       
9
2
5.      
    ,          , 
,        ,    
         ,     
              , 
            
     ,               
                  
          
6.           
   ,       ,       
   ,      ,          ,
     (    )    ,   
 ,      ,          
 
      ,          ,  
          ,        
,          1789 ,   
            (
7.      
                 
                 
    ,           
 ,              
    ,           

       1787            
          -     
                 
    

1789    , ,        
     ,  ,  ,  
                 
                 
10
2
  ,              
          ,      
      
 -
3.        ,        
   ?
: ,  18          19      
,               ,  
               , 
      
      
1.          ,      
                
,             ,
 ,              
                
  ""  
2.               
              
              ,
               ,
,              
  
3.                   
               
               
             
 
,       
4.             ,
              ,  
  ,            
11
2
    ,             
            
5. :            , 
               
       ,     ,    
              ,  
    ,       
   
        
1.      :         
,          :    
 ,     " "     ,   
   ,             
  ,   " " ,    ,    
 ,      
2.     :    ,      
  ,           
   , -    14-16  ,    
     ,             
              , 
               
 
3.     :          ,
  ,            , 
     ,         
               
,         ,     
  
4.       :        
   ,           , 
            , 
              
       ,       
             ,  
           
5.  :            
          ,      
12
2
              
,               
      ,       
6.     :-  ,     
                
              
   ,            
   
       
1.          ,   
            
      " "    ,  
             
 ,  ""      ,    
    
2.      :        
            
     ,          
              
               
              
            
3.               
 -        ,    
          ,  , 1832  1867
     ,           
      ,        
     
4.       :         
 -       ,    
,            
               
      ,          
      
5.  
      
      ,   
 
             
    
             
13
2
   ,           ,
            ,   
   

           ,   
          ,   
               
,               
           ,     
 ,           
4.             ?
:   ,   " "   , 1914  1918     
           ,     
        ,         
,  20         
     
1.                
            -    
   ,            
, -       ,      
   -           
  ,                
    ,    ,         
    
2.    :     ,  
     
   ,         ,  
            , 
             ,  
      ,      
 
3.                 

      1914 ,   
,      ,
14
2
                  
          ,  
 
            
4.  
 :
,    
   ,       
           ,    
,   
 -         

  
            , 
       
5.        :     28 , 1914  -
        
      
            -
       ,     
    
  
     
1.         ,   17   
   ,        , 
              
     ,       ,  
     
2.   :       ,  , -
,        ,       
     
 ,    1917   , 
     
3.   :             
                
 ,   
        ,  
       
4.    :    1919         
      ,         
               
,                
5.  
:  ,        
    
          ,   
             
       
15
2
6.               
             
        ,       
      
7.              ,
,               
                
    

              ,
           , , ,

                
 ,      , 
      
       ,     ,   
           ,   
   ,            
 -
5.                
:1921          ()     
          ,    
    ,           
 ,               
     
1.             
            - 
        ,     
    ,         
      ,       
      
2.   :            , 
          ,      
16
2
          ,       
      ,            
        ,      
3.              ,  
              , 
         ,      
              
    ,            
 
4.              
,      " "     - ,
       ,        
             ,
              
5.               ,  
              
     ,    ,     
              ,  
        
6.   :     ,    ,    
             
             ,  
             
    
     
1. ,   :         
             
              ,
          1920     , 
   ,             
    
2.  :            
""        ,      
            
    ,           
              
17
2
  ,            
     
3.   :   ,        , 
         ,     
 ,       ,    - , 
       ,       
,       
4.         :        
    -         
      ,         
              
            ,   
              
" "     
5.          
   
,              
               
              
      
6.      :    , NEP    
               
        1924      , NEP
    ,  1920     ,     
              
              
   

                
                
  , NEP             
          ,  
       NEP         
            ,    
          
              ,   
          
18
2
6.  
          ?        
  ?
:        (1868-1894)
  19          ,   
     ,           
,             1868     
    ,  
           

    
        ,         
( )        ,      
,        -         
       ,          
,           19    ,  
,
       ,        1853 
               
      ,          
                
 ,               
  
           
       ,         ,   
   ,             
               
  ,             
   
1868 ,             
               ,  
            
     
   ,               
           , ,  
               ,
 
         
19
2
1.    
o        ,       
            
( )            
   
o 1889 ,    ,        
       ,       
,       ,     
         
o         ,      
          ,  
    ,      
       
2.   
o            , 
           , 
,          
o            
   ,     
   (  )   
o             ,
      ,     
            
         
o              
       
3.  
o             
    ,         

o        ,     
    1873          
        ,    
     
    
20
2
o            ,     
             ,
         ,     
         
4.       
o             
  
     ,   ,  
             
           
o           , 
     ,    
o            , 
, ,       ,    
           , 
    ,      
o              
    ,   -   , 
          ,   
    
        
-       ,        
                 
             
 
1.  
o         1850  1860    
         ,    
           ,  
         ,     
   
2.   -   
o               
,            1894 ,  
 -    ,       
        
21
2
o   ,           ,
      
3. -   
o            ,      
        1904-1905  -  
  ,      ,       
      
     
              
  :
1.         
o 20       , -     
    
         
             
2.    
o              
             
     ,         
     
3.       
o           
,           
            
 
4.     
o           
     ,       
,       ,       
     
5.    
o               
 ,             
22
2
,     -  ,   
       ,  20     

           ,     -
,      
         
                 
          ,  
           ,     
         
 -
7. 1929        ?   
  
 
:1929   ,      ,     
               1929  1930  
               
          ,     
1929      ?
            :
1. 1929    :      1929  
     1920    ,         ,
               ,   
   ,     ,       ,
    
2.    :            
                 
                
 ,             
    ,      
3.    :-        ,   
              , 
23
2
              
   ,     
4.  
            ; 
                  
 1930  -    (   )     
      ,  
      
         
5.   :1930              
                
 ,        
 
   
               
 ,   
 ,           
      
      ,       
 :
 : 1933 ,    25%    ,   
               , 
    
              
              
- 

,  "" (
     )     
   :1929  1933      9,000    , 
              
     
    :-     ,      
       
       ,
     
    : , 
        
  ,            
      ,       
          1933   .  
 
      ,   ,     
             

24
2
   
           ,        :
            ,   
       ,       
      ,    ,       ,
               
              
 ,      
       

   :          
    20%    ,      
    ,         
 ,                
         ,  1931    
           ,
              
           ,  
       
            
           ,  
               

    
 :           
     ,   ,  
    ,   ,    
              
,              

  :       ,   , 
                , 
    
,        
               

 : ,           ,
        ,       , 
25
2
       1930      
    ,         
    
 :  
,      ,      
               
           
         
     
        ;    
   :
1.   ,         
          ,  
      
       
    ,          
     ,         
2.        ,      
    ,    .      
          ,     
   ,         
  
3.     :      ,  ,
       
 ,  ,    
                ,
     ,         

            
4.  
    :   
      
      ,       
        
      ,
         

1929               , 
 ,           , 
  
             
           ,   
             ,    
                 
26
2
8.                ?
: 20          ,   
               
                 
          
1.       
            :
            ,
            
           
 :   
    ,    , 
    ,    ,         
    
       
    :        
            
     
2.       
       :
     ,  -        
              
              
   :            , 
   -             
  
3.    
               :
    :1917          
  ,              
     ,         
    
      :           
               ,
          
27
2
4.         
         :
   :            
    ,            
         " ,  , ",  
 
     
      :      :
o - 
 :  
       
            
  
o   :       ,    

        ,   
             
       
o   :   
       
              
      ""      
    
5.     
             :
     ,       
              
            
       ,     
 ,               
1929       ,          
   
6.
    
              :
   :           

              
     ,    (      ) 
              

28
2
  :    ()       
        ,    
               
      
7.     (1922)
         1922     :
  :            
      ,    ,     
           ,  
    
8.       
                 :
        ,   
        -    
            ,   , 
      
             
,             , 
  
     
9.        
1920     ,           :
- :        ,  
                
 
             
          
             
          ,   
(OVRA)      

      ,  ,     
          -    
 , 
       
       
29
2
        , ,    
                
    
:              ( )       
         ,              